Compiled by John L. Trapp
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Division of Migratory Bird Management
Arlington, Virginia
March 8, 2005
Determining whether or not any particular bird species detected in a free-flying and unrestrained condition in the United States or its territories is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) depends on answering two simple questions: (1) is it native to the United States or its territories, and (2) does it belong to a family, group, or species covered by one or ore of the four migratory bird conventions to which the United States is a party? Depending on the answers to these two questions, each species can be placed into just one of four categories (or cells) in the resulting 2 x 2 MBTA protection matrix (Figure 1).
|
|
Belongs to Taxa Covered by Migratory Bird Conventions? |
|
|
|
Yes |
No |
Native to U.S.? |
Yes |
MBTA-Protected (50 CFR 10.13) |
Not MBTA -Protected (II.B below) |
No |
Not MBTA-Protected (70 FR xxxx) |
Not MBTA -Protected (II.C below) |
Figure 1. Matrix for determining the MBTA status (i.e., protected or not protected) of bird species documented as occurring in the wild in the United States or its territories.
Lists of species falling in each of these categories, or links thereto, are provided below. In reality, there is a fifth category that is not dealt with in detail here. It includes all other bird species of the world that have never been detected in a wild state in the United States or its territories, and which are therefore not protected by the MBTA.
I. SPECIES PROTECTED BY MBTA
Species that are (1) native and (2) belong to families, groups, or species covered by conventions implemented by the MBTA
II. SPECIES NOT PROTECTED BY MBTA
A. Species that are (1) nonnative human-introduced and (2) belong to families covered by conventions implemented by the MBTA
70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005)
B. Species that are (1) native and (2) belong to families not covered by any of the conventions implemented by the MBTA0
Family MEGAPODIIDAE
Megapodius laperouse, Micronesian Megapode+ (NMI)‡
Family PHASIANIDAE
Bonasa umbellus, Ruffed Grouse+ (cont. U.S.)
Centrocercus minimus, Gunnison Sage-Grouse+ (CO, UT)
Centrocercus urophasianus, Greater Sage-Grouse+ (w. U.S.)
Dendragapus obscurus, Blue Grouse+ (w. U.S.)
Falcipennis canadensis, Spruce Grouse (n. U.S.)
Lagopus lagopus, Willow Ptarmigan+ (n. U.S.)
Lagopus leucurus, White-tailed Ptarmigan+ (n. U.S.)
Lagopus mutus, Rock Ptarmigan+ (n. U.S.)
Meleagrus gallopavo, Wild Turkey+ (cont. U.S.)
Tympanuchus cupido, Greater Prairie-Chicken+ (c. & w. U.S.)‡
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, Lesser Prairie-Chicken+ (c. & w. U.S.)
Tympanuchus phasianellus, Sharp-tailed Grouse+ (n. & w. U.S.)
Family ODONTOPHORIDAE
Callipepla californica, California Quail+ (CA, NV, OR)
Callipepla gambelii, Gambel’s Quail+ (sw U.S.)
Callipepla squamata, Scaled Quail+ (sw U.S.)
Colinus virginianus, Northern Bobwhite+ (cont. U.S.)
Cyrtonyx montezumae, Montezuma Quail+ (sw U.S.)
Oreortyx pictus, Mountain Quail+ (w. U.S.)
Family BURHINIDAE
Burhinus bistriatus, Double-striped Thick-knee (TX)
Family GLAREOLIDAE
Glareola maldivarum, Oriental Pratincole (AK)
Family PSITTACIDAE
Amazona vittata, Puerto Rican Parrot+ (PR)‡
Aratinga chloroptera, Hispaniolan Parakeet (PR–Extirpated)
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, Thick-billed Parrot (AZ, NM)‡
Family TODIDAE
Todus mexicanus, Puerto Rican Tody+ (PR)
Family MELIPHAGIDAE
Moho braccatus, Kauai Oo+ (HI)‡
Family MONARCHIDAE
Chasiempis sandwichensis, Elepaio+ (HI)‡
Clytorhynchus vitiensis, Fiji Shrikebill+ (AS)
Myiagra freycineta, Guam Flycatcher+ (GU)
Monarcha takatsukasai, Tinian Monarch+ (NMI)
Rhipidura rufifrons, Rufous Fantail+ (GU, NMI)
Family TIMALIIDAE
Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit+ (CA, OR, WA)
Family ZOSTEROPIDAE
Zosterops conspicillatus, Bridled White-eye+ (GU, NMI)‡
Family COEREBIDAE
Coereba flaveola, Bananaquit+ (PR, VI)
Family DREPANIDINAE
Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi+ (HI)
Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai Amakihi+ (HI)
Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu+ (HI)‡
Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau+ (HI)
Hemignathus parvus, Anianiau+ (HI)
Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi+ (HI)
Himatione sanguinea, Apapane+ (HI)
Loxioides baileui, Palila+ (HI)‡
Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee+ (HI)
Loxops coccineus, Akepa+ (HI)
Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli [=Po’ouli] + (HI-Extinct 2004)‡
Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki+ (HI)
Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper+ (HI)‡
Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe [=Crested Honeycreeper]+ (HI)‡
Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie [=Molokai Creeper]+ (HI)‡
Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu Alauahio [=Oahu Creeper]+ (HI–probably Extinct)‡
Paroreomyza montana, Maui Alauahio+ (HI)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill+ (HI)‡
Psittirostra psittacea, Ou+ (HI)‡
Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch+ (HI)‡
Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch+ (HI)‡
Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi+ (HI)
C. Species that are (1) nonnative human-introduced and (2) belong to families not covered by any of the conventions implemented by the MBTA1
Family TINAMIDAE
Nothoprocta perdicaria, Chilean Tinamou
Nothura maculosa, Spotted Nothura
Rhynchotus rufescens, Red-winged Tinamou
Tinamus major, Great Tinamou
Family CRACIDAE
Crax rubra, Great Curassow
Ortalis cinereiceps, Gray-headed Chachalaca
Ortalis garrula, Chestnut-winged Chachalaca
Ortalis vetula, Plain Chachalaca (GA)
Penelope purpurascens, Crested Guan
Family PHASIANIDAE
Alectoris barbara, Barbary Partridge
Alectoris chukar, Chukar^ (w. U.S.)
Alectoris graeca, Rock Partridge
Ammoperdix griseogularis, See-see Partridge
Bambusicola thoracica, Chinese Bamboo-Partridge
Bonasia bonasia, Hazel Grouse
Chrysolophus amherstiae, Lady Amherst’s Pheasant
Chrysolophus pictus, Golden Pheasant
Coturnix chinensis, Blue-breasted Quail
Coturnix japonica, Japanese Quail^ (HI)
Coturnix pectoralis, Stubble Quail
Francolinus adspersus, Red-billed Francolin
Francolinus clappertoni, Clapperton’s Francolin
Francolinus erckelii, Erckel’s Francolin^ (HI)
Francolinus francolinus, Black Francolin^ (HI)
Francolinus icterorhynchus, Heuglin’s Francolin
Francolinus leucoscepus, Yellow-necked Spurfowl* (HI-Extirpated)
Francolinus pintadeanus, Chinese Francolin
Francolinus pondicerianus, Gray Francolin^ (HI)
Gallus gallus, Red Junglefowl^ (FL, HI)
Gallus sonnerati, Gray Junglefowl
Lophura leucomelanos, Kalij Pheasant^ (HI)
Lophura nycthemera, Silver Pheasant
Melanoperdix nigra, Black Partridge
Numida meleagris, helmeted Guineafowl^ (HI, PR)
Pavo cristatus, Common Peafowl^ (HI)
Perdix perdix, Gray Patridge^ (cont. U.S.)
Phasianus colchicus, Ring-necked Pheasant^ (cont. U.S., HI)
Phasianus versicolor, Green Pheasant
Rollulus rouloul, Crested Partridge
Syrmaticus ellioti, Elliot’s Pheasant
Syrmaticus reevesii, Reeve’s Pheasant
Syrmaticus soemmerringii, Copper Pheasant
Tetrao tetrix, Black Grouse
Tetrao urogallus, Western Capercaillie
Tetraogallus himalayensis, Himalayan Snowcock^ (NV)
Family TURNICIDAE
Turnix varia, painted Buttonquail
Family ODONTOPHORIDAE
Colinus cristatus, Crested Bobwhite^ (VI–now Extirpated)
Callipepla douglasii, Elegant Quail
Family PTEROCLIDIDAE
Pterocles exustus, Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse^ (HI)
Family PSITTACIDAE
Agapornis fischeri, Fischer’s Lovebird
Agapornis personatus, Yellow-collared Lovebird
Agapornis roseicollis, Peach-faced Lovebird
Amazona aestiva, Blue-fronted Parrot
Amazona albifrons, White-fronted Parrot* (FL)
Amazona amazonica, Orange-winged Parrot
Amazona auropalliata, Yellow-naped Parrot
Amazona autumnalis, Red-lored Parrot* (FL–now Extirpated)
Amazona barbadensis, Yellow-shouldered Parrot
Amazona farinosa, Mealy Parrot
Amazona festiva, Festive Parrot
Amazona finschi, Lilac-crowned Parrot
Amazona ochrocephala, Yellow-crowned Parrot^ (PR)
Amazona oratrix, Yellow-headed Parrot^ (FL, PR)
Amazona pretrei, Red-spectacled Parrot
Amazona ventralis, Hispaniolan Parrot^ (PR, VI)
Amazona viridigenalis, Red-crowned Parrot^ (CA, FL)
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Hyacinth Macaw
Ara ararauna, Blue-and-yellow Macaw^ (PR)
Ara chloroptera, Red-and-green Macaw
Ara macao, Scarlet Macaw
Ara militaris, Military Macaw
Ara severa, Chestnut-fronted Macae* (FL)
Aratinga acuticaudata, Blue-crowned Parakeet* (FL)
Aratinga aurea, Peach-fronted Parakeet
Aratinga canicularis, Orange-fronted Parakeet* (FL)
Aratinga erythrogenys, Red-masked Parakeet* (FL)
Aratinga finschi, Crimson-fronted Parakeet
Aratinga holochlora, Green Parakeet^ (TX)
Aratinga leucophthalmus, White-eyed Parakeet* (FL)
Aratinga mitrata, Mitred Parakeet^ (CA, FL)
Aratinga pertinax, Brown-throated Parakeet^ (FL, PR)
Aratinga rubritorquis, Red-throated Parakeet
Aratinga solstitialis or jandaya, Sun or Jandaya parakeet
Aratinga wagleri, Scarlet-fronted Parakeet
Aratinga weddellii, Dusky-headed Parakeet* (FL)
Brotogeris chiriri, Yellow-chevroned Parakeet * (FL)
Brotogeris jugularis, Orange-chinned Parakeet
Brotogeris versicolurus, White-winged Parakeet^ (CA, FL)
Cacatua alba, White Cockatoo
Cacatua galerita, Sulphur-crested Cockatoo* (FL–now Extirpated)
Cacatua goffini, Tanimbar Cockatoo
Cacatua moluccensis, Salmon-crested Cockatoo
Cyanoliseus patagonus, Burrowing Parrot
Diopsittaca nobilis, Red-shouldered Macaw
Eclectus roratus, Eclectus Parrot
Eolophus roseicapillus, Galah
Eos bornea, Red Lory* (FL–Extirpated)
Lorius garrulus, Chattering Lory
Melopsittacus undulatus, Budgerigar^ (FL)
Myiopsitta monachus, Monk Parakeet^ (e. U.S, PR, TX)
Nandayus nenday, Black-hooded Parakeet
Nymphicus hollandicus, Cockatiel
Pionites melanocephala, Black-headed Parrot
Pionus maximiliani, Scaly-headed Parrot
Pionus senilis, White-crowned Parrot
Poicephalus rueppellii, Rueppell’s Parrot* (FL–now Extirpated)
Poicephalus senegalus, Senegal Parrot* (FL–now Extirpated)
Propyrrhura auricollis, Golden-collared Macaw
Psephotus haematonotus, Red-rumped Parrot
Pseudos fuscata, Dusky Lory
Psittacula alexandri, Red-breasted Parakeet
Psittacula columboides, Malabar Parakeet
Psittacula cyanocephala, Plum-headed Parakeet
Psittacula eupatris, Alexandrine Parakeet
Psittacula krameri, Rose-ringed Parakeet^ (FL, HI, VA)
Psittacula roseata, Blossom-headed Parakeet
Psittacus erithacus, Gray Parrot
Pyrrhura frontalis, Maroon-bellied Parakeet
Pyrrhura molinae, Green-cheeked Parakeet* (FL)
Rhynchopsitta terrisi, Maroon-fronted Parrot
Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus, Scaly-breasted Lorikeet
Trichoglossus haematodus, Rainbow Lorikeet* (FL–now Extirpated)
Trichoglossus ornatus, Ornate Lorikeet
Family DICRURIDAE
Dicrurus macrocercus, Black Drongo^ (GU, NMI)
Family RHAMPHASTIDAE
Ramphastos sulfuratus, Keel-billed Toucan
Ramphastos citrolaemus, Citron-throated Toucan
Ramphastos toco, Toco Toucan
Family MUSOPHAGIDAE
Musophaga violacea, Violet Turaco
Tauraco corythaix, Knysna Turaco
Tauraco schalowi, Schalow’s Turaco
Family BUCEROTIDAE
Tockus nasutus, African Gray Hornbill
Aceros undulatus, Wreathed Hornbill
Ceratogymna brevis, Silvery-cheeked Hornbill
Family BUCORVIDAE
Bucorvus abyssinicus, Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill
Family PYCNONOTIDAE
Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Black Bulbul
Pycnonotus cafer, Red-vented Bulbul^ (FL)
Pycnonotus jocosus, Red-whiskered Bulbul^ (FL, HI)
Family PITTIDAE
Pitta guajana, Banded Pitta
Family IRENIDAE
Irena puella, Asian Fairy-bluebird
Family TIMALIIDAE
Garrulax canorus, Hwamei^ (HI)
Garrulax leucolophus, White-crested Laughingthrush* (HI-Extirpated)
Garrulax pectoralis, Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush^ (HI)
Leiothrix lutea, Red-billed Leiothrix^ (HI)
Family ZOSTEROPIDAE
Zosterops japonicus, Japanese White-eye^ (HI)
Family STURNIDAE
Acridotheres cristatellus, Crested Myna
Acridotheres fuscus, Jungle Myna
Acridotheres tristis, Common Myna^ (FL, HI)
Gracula religiosa, Hill Myna^ (HI, PR)
Lamprotornis superbus, Superb Starling
Mino dumontii, Yellow-faced Myna
Sturnus vulgaris, European Starling^ (cont. U.S., PR)
Family PASSERIDAE
Passer domesticus, House Sparrow^ (cont. U.S., HI, PR, VI)
Passer luteus, Sudan Golden Sparrow
Passer montanus, Eurasian Tree Sparrow^ (IL, MO)
Family PLOCEIDAE
Euplectes afer, Yellow-crowned Bishop^ (PR)
Euplectes ardens, Red-collared Bishop^ (PR)
Euplectes franciscanus, Orange Bishop^ (CA, PR)
Euplectes orix, Red Bishop
Ploceus cucullatus, Village Weaver
Ploceus velatus, African Masked-Weaver
Family ESTRIDIDAE
Amandava amandava, Red Avadavat^ (HI, PR)
Estrilda astrild, Common Waxbill^ (HI, PR)
Estrilda caerulescens, Lavender Waxbill^ (HI)
Estrilda melpoda, Orange-cheeked Waxbill^ (HI, PR)
Estrilda troglodytes, Black-rumped Waxbill^ (HI, PR)
Lonchura atricapilla, Chestnut Munia^ (HI, PR)
Lonchura cantans, African Silverbill^ (HI)
Lonchura cucullata, Bronze Mannikin^ (PR)
Lonchura maja, White-headed Munia
Lonchura malabarica, Indian Silverbill^ (PR)
Lonchura malacca, Tricolored Munia^ (HI, PR)
Lonchura nana, Madagascar Munia
Lonchura punctulata, Nutmeg Mannikin^ (HI)
Padda oryzivora, Java Sparrow^ (HI, PR)
Taeniopygia guttata, Zebra Finch
Uraeginthus bengalus, Red-cheeked Cordonbleu^ (HI)
Vidua macroura, Pin-tailed Whydah^ (PR)
Endnote:
Symbols: plus sign (+) denotes a native species with breeding populations in the U.S.; hat (^) denotes an introduced species that has established a self-sustaining breeding population; asterisk (*) denotes an introduced species that has nested in the U.S. but has not established a self-sustaining breeding population; double dagger (‡) denotes a species that is covered by the Endangered Species Act in all or part of its U.S. range.
Abbreviations (in parentheses) are used to denote the known U.S. range, and are used only for species with established populations or evidence of breeding: AK = Alaska, AS = American Samoa, AZ = Arizona, CA = California, FL = Florida, GU = Guam, HI = Hawaii, NM = New Mexico, NMI = Northern Marina Islands, NV = Nevada, OR = Oregon, PR = Puerto Rico, TX = Texas, UT = Utah, VI = Virgin Islands, WA = Washington.
Return to Home Page